Post-COP 28 Energy Realignment: Geopolitics and Security Implications

Climate WatchTechnology & Industry
Written By Info And Support

31st December, 2023

How might the politics behind the transition to renewable energy and the advocacy of transitional fuels reshape the global geopolitical and energy landscape?

First Layer

The global energy landscape post-COP 28 manifests an intricate tapestry of renewable energy expansion, political dynamics, and emergent energy security paradigms, underscored by the escalating urgency to transition away from conventional fossil fuels. Within this broad and complex vista, China's role is particularly pivotal given its simultaneous ascension as both a renewable technology vanguard and the world's largest emitter with entrenched coal dependencies. The prevailing politics behind renewable energy adoption and the advocacy for transitional fuels are catalyzing profound and potentially irreversible shifts in global geopolitical alignments and energy equations.

To articulate a definitive thesis addressing the nuances of renewable energy, transitional fuels, and their geopolitical ramifications: the advocacy and adoption of renewable energy and transitional fuels will precipitate a multifarious reorientation of geopolitical power structures, presenting both opportunities for enhanced energy security and challenges inherent in the redefinition of energy dominance and inter-state relations.

Huawei's PowerStar and ZTE's PowerPilot solutions have demonstrably impacted energy savings and operational efficiency, with PowerStar achieving an annual reduction of 200 million kWh of electricity across China and PowerPilot saving over US$1 billion in electrical costs globally, as cited in the provided research materials. These solutions reflect the significant potential for ICT in enhancing energy efficiency—a critical component of the renewable transition. Simultaneously, such technological strides must be juxtaposed against the global renewable capacity, which currently observes solar power anticipated to grow by 25% annually until 2030 according to the research insights from COP 28 summaries. This growth is paramount to the phasing out of fossil fuels, as agreed upon during the conference, to support developing countries in the renewable energy transition. However, these promising developments are shadowed by China's substantial dependence on coal as evinced by its 14th Five-Year Plan indicating the progression towards advanced coal technologies. This reveals China's stance of pursuing technological leadership in renewables alongside optimizing domestic coal use—posing a dichotomy that must be reconciled within the context of its global environmental commitments and its own energy security narrative.

The transition's technical complexities are legion; the integration of renewables into grid architectures is bedeviled by challenges of intermittency and the need for advanced energy storage solutions, as the infrastructural and policy constraints that beset renewables’ grid integration must be elucidated. Indonesia's current endeavors to embrace low-carbon energy for net-zero emissions by 2060 and Japan's formidable carbon-pricing scheme, projected to mobilize 150 trillion yen towards decarbonization, are testaments to the shifting paradigms in regional geopolitical and trade relations anchored on energy trajectories.

As the political landscape changes, new alliances are forming—such as the recent collaborative framework efforts in maritime agreements post-COP 28 in conservation and biodiversity protection beyond national jurisdictions, thus potentially influencing shipping and energy transport routes. These changes must be grounded in current diplomatic engagements; for instance, shifts established by the regenerative capacity of natural gas and renewable energy projects in Africa are realigning traditional energy alliances, a development safeguarded by international norms such as the Paris Agreement and embodied in the COP28's loss and damage fund commitment.

Consequent societal adaptations encompass vocational training towards renewables, urban planning aligned with clean energy infrastructures, and inclusive governance that ensures parity in the face of such seismic changes. Cultural dimensions too must be threaded into the fabric of policy decisions, lest they act as barriers to global renewable energy adoption.

Implicit biases toward the technological prowess of developed nations must be guarded against, allowing space for the resolution and capacities of emerging economies in shaping the new energy order. The analysis must equally weigh the possibility of tensions arising due to differing national interests in energy technology leadership—a complex interplay of cooperation and contention.

The cascading impacts of these shifts are multifaceted and require thoughtfully crafted scenarios encompassing the full gamut of probable geopolitical responses. For instance, China's leadership using its expertise in green mine technology in the United States, as mentioned in call notes, poises it at the forefront of the technological race while implicating geopolitical resistance from nations competing in the domain. The geopolitical influences demand careful navigation, where the multifarious reactions of nations to China’s assertiveness in renewable technology innovation must be thoroughly evaluated.

From an actionable insights perspective, policymakers worldwide must recognize the looming epochal shift towards renewables and transitional fuels and act synchronously to craft and execute policies. The recommendation for fossil fuel-dependent nations encompasses immediate policy engineering and swift infrastructure overhauls to diversify their economies and assuage the economic shoals that beckon. Detailed stratagems must elucidate when and how these nations can marshal political will, secure investments, and foster public acceptance to champion the green transition. 

The society-wide repercussions require expansive policy frameworks that facilitate gradual adaptation and mitigation in tandem, reinforcing societal resilience. Blueprints must delineate short-term actionable steps, such as incentives for renewable energy investments, alongside long-term systemic overhauls, including education reform for fostering a sustainable workforce.

Finally, the global energy landscape post-COP 28 necessitates a dynamic interplay of policy innovation, technological advancements, and geopolitical strategy—enveloped within an progressive paradigm that esteems the plenary implications of energy security, environmental stewardship, and societal well-being.


Second Layer

To distill a more refined thesis: The advancement and advocacy of renewable energy and transitional fuels are poised to precipitate a comprehensive reshaping of global geopolitical and energy topographies, where the strategies adopted by incumbent and emerging powers will redefine energy diplomacy, security constructs, and align with the shifting axes of influence as nations grapple with the imperatives of sustainable development and climate change mitigation.

Delving into technological underpinnings, Huawei's PowerStar, implemented in over 400,000 sites, has achieved substantive reductions of 200 million kWh of electricity annually. In parallel, ZTE's PowerPilot, across more than 700,000 locations globally, demonstrates power savings accruing to over US$1 billion—an exemplification of the tangible contributions of ICT to energy efficiency. The incorporation of such solutions represents a pivotal mechanism for easing the transition to renewable sources by optimizing energy use within existing networks. Particularly, PowerStar's application in South Africa and Morocco highlights the potential for such technologies to bolster renewable energy integration in diverse regional contexts, transcending infrastructural disparities. While PowerStar registers particular success in adapting energy consumption to fluctuating ICT demands, the iterative advancements in algorithmic efficiency crucially influence the operational models and energy utilization strategies of burgeoning renewable infrastructure.

When assessing China's intricate dance between coal dependency and clean energy leadership, recent developments proffer a compelling juxtaposition. Although the research states that China's 14th Five-Year Plan earmarks proliferation into advanced coal technologies, it also emphasizes China’s substantial forays into the hydrogen energy industry, encapsulating the development of hydrogen-powered heavy-duty trucks. These divergent paths are illustrative of China's internal stratagem—seeking to reduce carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060—and are emblematic of the multifaceted approaches to national energy strategies that eschew a mono-focal orientation.

Yet, the dualistic energy continuum in China is not devoid of dissonance, as referenced in the call notes, where China's actions vis-a-vis improving domestic air quality by expatriating energy-demanding cryptocurrency mining to the United States creates an environmental quid pro quo. These complex interactions underscore the necessity for an agile global framework that accommodates iterative technological adaptations while countenancing the geopolitical reciprocities impacting energy paradigms.

Japan’s ambitious strategy to implement a carbon-pricing framework elucidates nuanced geopolitical trade relations anchored on renewable trajectories. The implementation process slated to commence by 2033/34 for the power generation sector does not just encompass domestic policy evolution, but is set against the crucible of maintaining global competitiveness, as Japan navigates the tightrope of economic resilience and environmental stewardship.

International cooperative mechanisms have also undergone a synergistic expansion as the recent maritime accords, duly noted in the call discussions, illuminate. The agreements gleaned from the COP 28 discourse on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction—articulated under the BBNJ Agreement—spearhead an augmented approach to international lawmaking that may, through two-thirds consensus, adjudicate binding resolutions affecting shipping and consequently global energy trade routes.

In viewing the existing alliances through the prism of these emerging international norms, the call data infers the formation of frameworks that align renewable energy policies across states—best encapsulated by COP28 agreements which yoke the "loss and damage" fund to pledges for renewable energy expansion. The calibration of such accords amidst differing international stances—the loss and damage fund being a celebrated breakthrough while the absence of global stocktake discussions invites scrutiny—exemplifys the sway of the Paris Agreement and its associated commitments in realigning cooperative engagements while steering geopolitical tectonics.


When turning to the implications of the analysis on geopolitical dynamics, it becomes evident that nations are navigating the energy transition through a distressed equilibrium; delicately counterpoising economic development with environmental imperatives. Energizing this predicament is the interplay of policy frameworks, investment flows, and sociocultural mores—a fertile milieu within which China, among others, leverages its technological advancements to maneuverer within the geopolitical fabric, heightening competitive tensions for energy preeminence.

Effectuating a blueprint for navigating such infinite complexities necessitates an algorithmic mapping of interdependencies, policy footprints, and technology trajectories. Recommendations for transitioning nations encircle broad-spectrum strategies with manageable interludes, such as incentivizing built environment upgrades for energy efficiency, subsidizing renewable energy integration for grid stability, and fostering innovation clusters to precipitate next-generation technologies.

In light of this analytical voyage, it is without ambiguity, that while the global energy landscape post-COP 28 coalesces the myriad strands of political will, technological innovation, and transitional fuel advocacy, the ensuing geopolitical renaissance anticipates an asymmetric confluence of stratagems. These stratagems must marshal a coherent synthesis of interdisciplinary domains, ultimately cultivating a durable and equitable portmanteau of security and prosperity in the energetic odium of our age.


NA Preparation

Material Facts

The multifaceted dynamics following COP 28 cast light on the intertwining of technological advancements, policy evolution, investment strategies, and geopolitical considerations that delineate the future of global energy security and the endeavor towards a renewable energy transition. Hereunder are the material facts crucial to apprehending this intricately woven tapestry of global energy framework:


Technological and Energy-saving Solutions

  • Huawei’s PowerStar application extends to more than 400,000 sites across China, achieving an annual reduction of 200 million kWh of electricity. This is attained through sophisticated algorithms providing judicious energy management, adapting energy consumption to ICT demands while retaining high operational efficiency—a paradigm implemented in South Africa and Morocco, bolstering the transition to cleaner energy.

  • ZTE's PowerPilot, engaged across over 700,000 global sites, distinguishes itself with algorithms engineered to dynamically regulate energy usage. Drawing from real-time network utilization data, it curtails needless energy spending, demonstrably saving over US$1 billion. The specificity of PowerPilot's algorithms, for example, could include its ability to automatically decrease the power consumption of a site during low usage periods while ensuring service continuity, distinguishing its energy optimization capabilities.

Policy Reforms and Investment Shifts

  • Japan has unveiled a transformative carbon-pricing scheme, featuring a rigorous emissions trading system along with an innovative carbon levy. This dual approach consists of meticulous rules governing emissions allocations, auctions, and trading periods, envisioned to start by 2033/34 for power generation sectors. The mechanisms involve stringent penalties for non-compliance and incentives for investments in renewable projects, steering 150 trillion yen over the ensuing decade towards decarbonizing the economy whilst maintaining competitive global standing.


Geopolitics and Infrastructure Investment

  • Conspicuous among China's climate policies is the initiative to amalgamate ICT with solar power initiatives, contributing to a marked ascension in renewable capacity—as exemplified by Huawei's smart photovoltaic products shipped to over 60 countries. Mirrored by China's commitment to halting the establishment of new coal-fired power plants overseas, this posture supports a pivot towards financing renewable energy projects in developing countries, influencing the balance of global infrastructural investments towards greener pursuits.

Global Energy Security after COP 28

  • COP 28 agreements, including the institution of a "loss and damage" fund yoked with pledges to exponentially expand renewable energy, elucidate an international consensus to address urgent climate issues. The International Energy Agency's projections anticipate these compacts to spur substantial investments in clean energy adoption, forecasting a pivot in energy systems that prioritize long-term sustainability over traditional fossil-fuel reliance.

Renewable Energy and Transitional Fuels

  • Embodying China's strategic shifts, commitments like peaking emissions before 2030 and garnering carbon neutrality by 2060 are paralleled by substantial forays into the hydrogen energy industry. This entails not only developing the industry's value chain but also scaling up production capabilities for hydrogen-powered heavy-duty trucks, serving as testimonies to China's leveraging of transitional fuels in contouring the geopolitical landscape.


Financial Patterns and Climate Alignment

  • The shift towards climate-conscious financial practices is personified by institutional investors' focus on corporate climate policies, as evidenced by CalPERS's activism at ExxonMobil and Chevron's shareholder meetings. Financial entities are demanding increased clarity on the incorporation of climate risks into business models, bridging the nexus between financial flows and climate-aligned investments.


Environmental Stewardship and Protection

  • The United Nations High Seas Treaty represents a concerted global initiative to protect marine biodiversity, governing a realm that encompasses two-thirds of international waters. It outlines a framework for sustainably managing marine assets, deploying innovations like "blue bonds," thereby reinforcing commitments under Sustainable Development Goal 14.


Energy Independence and Geopolitical Determinants

  • Current geopolitical dynamics, punctuated by regional disputes and the strategic importance of transitory zones like the Red Sea, amplify the exigency for energy independence. Volatility in global trade and energy pricing conduces towards investments in autonomous and diversified energy methodologies, thereby minimizing exposure to geopolitical vicissitudes.

  • Supplemented by these geopolitical movements, the gravitation towards self-reliance and regional consolidation influences global production strategies and trade relations. A transition towards internal and regional energy provisions enunciates a departure from traditional geopolitical energy alliances and abets worldwide emissive reduction and renewable resource maximization endeavors.

Force Catalysts

In the context of the global energy landscape post-COP 28, a critical examination of Force Catalysts is necessary to thoroughly understand the intricate relationship between geopolitics and the transition to renewable energy. Diving deeply into the proactive strategies deployed by various nations, we can better assess how leadership, resolve, initiative, and entrepreneurship are shaping the pace of renewable energy expansion and the global implications thereof:

Policy Drives in the Renewable Energy Transition

A close examination of various nations' extensions of the renewable energy policy spectrum demonstrates the diversity of strategic maneuvers in engaging with renewable energy across different political and socioeconomic landscapes. For example, the European Union's focused push on reducing carbon emissions materializes through regulations, directives, and financial instruments aimed at championing a continent-wide transition to green energy. The EU's Green Deal and the subsequent Fit for 55 package illustrate the union's commitment to recalibrating existing economic frameworks to align with an ambitious decarbonization trajectory. France's national plan to increase the share of renewables in its energy mix is an embodiment of leadership intent combined with public policy force, driving investment and innovation within the sector.

Leadership Dynamics and Renewable Energy Advocacy

Leadership shapes the agenda and molds the political will necessary to drive the renewable energy transition. For instance, India’s significant enhancement of its solar capacity by a factor of 50, and its plans to invest $200 billion, as well as ambitions to triple non-fossil-fuel power capacity by 2030, underscore the critical role of visionary leadership juxtaposed against the battles waged by fossil fuel lobby groups. A leader’s endeavor can catalyze transformation or conversely, due to resistance, stymie the momentum necessary for change. These political dynamics within and across nations signpost the impetus behind energy policy and highlight the existential struggle to reconcile economic development aspirations with climate commitments.

Strategic Variation in Technological Exploitation

The utilization of technology as a force catalyst varies globally, reflecting each nation's strategic posture and economic undercurrents. For instance, the Israeli government's integration of solar energy into its power portfolio juxtaposes its geographical resource constraints against its technological prowess. Concurrently, we consider China's evolving strategy to position itself as a global hub for green technology innovation, particularly in hydrogen-powered vehicles, which implies potential shifts in the distribution of power in the vehicle and energy markets globally. This underscores a nuanced interplay between technological entrepreneurship and geopolitical strategy, seen through the lens of resolving domestic needs while projecting international influence.


Predictive Analysis Based on Evolving Energy Geopolitics

Employing current data to bridge present actions with future energy geopolitics, we may postulate that the reinforcement of renewable strategies, like China's commitment to peak carbon emissions by 2030, reflects a prescient transition from a reactive to a proactive stance in global energy leadership. The acceleration of shifts in energy supply chains as a result of geopolitical conflicts such as the Russia-Ukraine war forecasts increased energy sovereignty pursuits. The deployment of renewable energy solutions to mitigate the dependence on geopolitically vulnerable fossil fuel supplies can precipitate a decrease in the strategic value of controlling such resources, hence potentially de-escalating regional tension-prone zones of resource competitions.


Global Perspective on Energy Security and Diversification

Expanding the vista to encompass the global tapestry of energy policy and security requires considering Africa's burgeoning potential in natural gas and renewable energy projects, signaling a possible realignment of energy-related alliances. Such strategic recalibration is further evidenced by Indonesia's notable geothermal capacity and investment in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, reflecting a calculated shift away from fossil fuel reliance within the region. These nuanced regional developments, coupled with the global emergence of "green" financial structures like sustainability-linked loans, paint a composite picture of a global landscape increasingly attuned to the integration of renewables as part of a secure energy future.

Constraints and Frictions

Precision and Specificity

  • Considering critical mineral supplies as a constraint, notably cobalt in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), it's essential to delve into the geopolitical levers that the DRC or other controlling nations may utilize. For instance, export quotas, nationalization of mines, or the formation of strategic alliances could influence global supply dynamics. Recently, the DRC has been contemplating increased stake in mining projects and revising contractual terms, which demonstrates the country's leverage over supply. Additionally, discussing the international response, such as the European Battery Alliance aimed at securing raw materials supply chains, provides a precise response to this constraint.

  • Technical and policy constraints specific to renewable energy involve myriad issues such as the intermittency challenge for grid integration of renewable sources. Technical bottlenecks include the need for enhanced energy storage solutions like lithium-ion batteries, whose production is presently impeded by the scarcity of materials like lithium and cobalt. On the policy side, the sluggish pace of legislative reforms manifests in delayed updates to grid codes and electricity market structures, preventing the full participation of distributed energy resources in the energy market mix.

  • In unpacking China's energy security and coal reliance, detailing the recent policy shifts is crucial. China's 14th Five-Year Plan for 2021-2025 indicates an elevation of coal power efficiency and development of advanced coal technologies, albeit with an eye towards a gradual decrease in the energy intensity of GDP. Examining initiatives such as the deployment of ultra-low emissions technology in existing coal plants and setting up caps for coal consumption in different regions provides nuanced specificity.

Contextual Relevance

  • The financial market risks related to renewable energy projects need to be bound to renewables' cost of capital and fundraising. The ongoing credit market tightening poses a constraint as higher interest rates may inhibit capital-intensive renewable energy projects. These risks are tangibly reflected in the challenges faced by renewable energy companies seeking bonds issuance or project finance loans in volatile market conditions.

  • Political frictions such as the U.S. environmental policy shifts post-elections should be integrated into the analysis, noting the reintroduction and strengthening of environmental regulations under a new administration that will influence the renewables sector. Possible rejoining of international environmental agreements and augmenting support for renewable energy research, development, and deployment could signify a seismic shift in the national and global energy policy landscape.

Analytical Depth

  • Systematic resistance to the phasing out of fossil fuel subsidies is deeply embedded in political lobbying and economic interests. An in-depth exploration reveals energy sector employment concerns, the inertia of established infrastructure, and the influence of vested interests as underpinning this resistance. For instance, oil companies have historically deployed considerable financial resources to influence policy-making, seeking to maintain subsidies and favorable tax regimes.

  • Resource constraints could precipitate suboptimal energy strategies such as the premature lock-in of nascent storage technologies like lithium-ion batteries which might soon reach scalability limits. Discussing potential risks like price volatility of lithium and rare earth elements illustrates the dangers of over-reliance. Future potential lies in the development of alternative storage technologies, such as flow batteries or mechanically-based systems like pumped hydro storage, which warrant further investigation.

  • Unforeseen technological advancements, such as breakthroughs in solar photovoltaic (PV) cell efficiency could alter China’s coal dependency map. If innovations resulting in dramatically cheaper and more efficient PVs were to occur, they might expedite the decarbonization of China’s energy sector and disrupt global energy markets by reducing reliance on coal and changing energy export dynamics.

Evidence and Example Integration

  • The role of lobbying in renewable energy policy can be illustrated through case studies such as the American energy sector, where lobbying efforts have historically influenced the degree and nature of subsidies and tax incentives offered to renewable energy projects. Exposure of lobbying against environmental regulations by fossil fuel industries, as evidenced via lobbying disclosure statements and the expenditures therein, further objectifies this discourse.

  • Historical energy transitions can provide a precedent for the pace and complexity of the present renewable transition. For example, examining the switch from wood to coal in the United Kingdom during the industrial revolution reveals how energy transitions are multifaceted processes influenced by not only technological factors but also socioeconomic forces, regulatory changes, and cultural shifts.

Temporal Dynamics

  • The acceleration of energy transition timelines due to technological innovation and geopolitical pressures, such as the fallout from the Russia-Ukraine conflict, is a pivotal factor. This conflict has catalyzed a search for non-Russian fossil fuel sources and accelerated Europe’s shift towards renewable energy sources, underscoring the criticality of diversifying Europe's energy portfolio and increasing investments in renewables and energy efficiency.

  • The COVID-19 pandemic's illustration of global supply chain vulnerabilities has underscored the changing societal expectations around issues like climate change. For instance, the rapid shift towards remote work and digitalization has implications for future energy demand patterns, favoring increased flexibility and resilience in the face of such shifts, including the acceleration of the green transition in response to evolving public sentiments and regulatory landscapes.


Probabilistic and Scenario-based Approaches

  • Applying a probabilistic approach requires computing the likelihood of constraints and frictions factoring into evolving scenarios. For instance, the prospective emergence of an influential lobby group against renewables could bear a certain probability percentage, which would impact the renewable energy rollout's trajectory.

  • Scenario planning highlights a spectrum of future conditions. For example, in an optimistic scenario, accelerated deployment of renewables is driven by breakthrough energy storage technologies, whereas, in a pessimistic case, disruptions in critical mineral supplies and persistent political inertia could slow down the energy transition. The most probable scenario might involve a gradual shift, contingent on political will and technological progress, to a more sustainable energy landscape.

Iteration and Feedback

  • It's essential to depict net assessment as a dynamic process involving regular updates. The advancement in battery technology, such as solid-state batteries, surfaced as a development that could significantly lower energy storage costs, necessitating the recalibration of the periodic evaluation of the energy landscape.

  • The analysis should prescribe a feedback mechanism through which ongoing input from varied sources, including but not limited to energy research institutes and economic think tanks, refreshes the outlook. Continual monitoring of policy changes, technological milestones, and market forces are central to this iterative approach to generate actionable intelligence for decision-makers.

Alliances and Laws

- Paris Agreement and its commitments, including the 1.5°C climate target and national pledges for carbon neutrality

- COP28 agreements, including the establishment of a "loss and damage" fund and new goals for renewable energy capacity

- The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its role in guiding international climate negotiations

- International Energy Agency (IEA) guidelines and reports on renewable energy and energy efficiency

- The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and its implications for clean energy investments and international competitiveness

- Renewable Energy Buyers Alliance (REBA)

- UN High Seas Treaty and the BBNJ Agreement for marine biodiversity conservation

- Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) agreements and commitments affecting investments in renewable energy infrastructure

- EU regulations on foreign investment screening for energy and infrastructure projects

- China's pledges and targets within its five-year plans regarding energy sector openness and renewables

- Indonesian law on carbon tax to encourage investment in low-carbon technologies and achieve net-zero emissions by 2060

- Japan's carbon pricing framework, including emissions trading and carbon levy

- Singapore's sovereign green bonds regulations and investment strategies targeting a low-carbon transition

- Financial sector-led initiatives like Climate Action 100+ for pushing companies to set emission reduction targets

- G7 plans to impose sanctions on Russia's energy exports, affecting global trade dynamics

- The Asia Carbon Institute's carbon credits registry and carbon trading schemes

- The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act impacting clean energy infrastructure and technology developments in the U.S.

- International laws and norms governing maritime trade and security, including responses to navigation disruptions in the Red Sea

- China's hydrogen energy industry development policies and strategic plans

- Legislation surrounding electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure and investment, including lobbying efforts

- Russia's energy export policies and global trade alignments that mitigate sanctions impacts

- International agreements on global financial support to combat climate change impacts

- The European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and its implications for global clean energy transitions

- International treaties and frameworks to facilitate investment in renewable energy, such as the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) agreements

- International energy trade agreements and protocols shaping energy supply diversification and security strategies

Information

- Huawei's PowerStar solution used in over 400,000 sites in China.

- PowerStar saves 200 million kWh electricity annually, also deployed in South Africa and Morocco.

- ZTE's PowerPilot solution released in 2020 for 4G/5G networks.

- PowerPilot used at over 700,000 sites worldwide, saved over US$1 billion in electricity costs.

- China integrating ICT with PV technologies boosting solar power since 2013.

- Huawei shipped smart PV products to over 60 countries, contributing to 160GW installed capacity and over 300 billion kWh of green electricity.

- Indonesia must invest in low-carbon energy for net-zero carbon emissions by 2060.

- Japan commits to cease financing overseas coal projects, funds decarbonisation in low/middle-income nations.

- China to stop new coal-powered plants abroad, supports low-carbon energy projects in developing countries.

- Role of Chinese and Japanese financing in Indonesia's energy sector is significant.

- Shift needed from fossil fuel subsidies to renewable energies in Indonesia.

- Japan to implement a carbon pricing scheme combining emissions trading and carbon levy to meet 2050 carbon neutrality.

- Japan's public and private sectors projected to invest over 150 trillion yen in decarbonisation over the next decade.

- Emissions trading and carbon levy aim for a greener economy maintaining global competitiveness.

- Emissions allowances auctions for power generation expected around 2033/34.

- Chief Executive Mr John Lee stressed insurance's role amidst financial fluctuations in Hong Kong.

- Financial Secretary Mr Paul Chan discussed Hong Kong’s insurance industry developments.

- Secretary-General of the IAIS, Mr Jonathan Dixon, spoke on global resilience.

- Discussions on Hong Kong as a risk management centre and regional insurance hub.

- Panel discussions covered financial market risks, ESG/DEI business value, and potential impacts of Web3.

- China's Belt and Road Initiative expected to increase Africa's climate change resilience.

- China-financed mega infrastructure projects include Ethiopia's Adama wind farm, Ghana's Bui hydropower, and Kenya's Garissa solar power.

- Singapore allocated part of a S$700 million sovereign green bond to finance Jurong Region Line and Cross Island Line.

- Singapore's investments aim for a low-carbon transition, Paris Agreement goals, and UN Sustainable Development Agenda.

- Geopolitical events like the Russia-Ukraine war impact the global economy and trade dynamics.- China aims to peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060; needs a shift to renewable sources.

- China advances in its hydrogen energy industry chain, fuel cells, and scales production for cost reduction.

- Commitment by China to peak emissions before 2030 and reach carbon neutrality by 2060; plans for hydrogen energy in cities.

- Focus on developing hydrogen-powered heavy-duty trucks in China.

- The article discusses the 1.5°C climate target from the Paris agreement, impacts and risks, "Net-zero by 2050", but lacks country-specific energy goals.

- Highlights political strife, populist influences, and resistance to pro-climate policies in various countries.

- Cosmo Energy Holdings dealing with corporate governance issues due to activists led by Yoshiaki Murakami.

- Lobbying by US, Russia, and Saudi Arabia against curbing plastic production, preferring to clean existing waste.

- Occidental agrees to buy Carbon Engineering for $1.6bn; debate over big oil's role in carbon removal, implications for climate progress.

- Major companies like BP and Shell are selling assets amid low oil prices and difficulties finding buyers for oil and gas fields.

- COP 28 set goals for renewable energy capacity, energy efficiency, and established a "loss and damage" fund for vulnerable countries.

- First-time UN agreement to transition from fossil fuels during COP 28; focus on supporting developing countries in renewable energy transition.

- Global energy crisis affecting transitional fuels and global geopolitics; countries' involvement in COP negotiations and investment in clean energy.

- Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) impacts clean tech investment, global supply chains, and US clean energy challenges.

- Indonesia highlighted for geothermal energy potential in the renewable energy sector.

- North Sea region's promise for wind power attracts industry and infrastructure; plans for offshore wind power and hydrogen fuel production.

- India's 50-fold increase in solar power, plans for $200bn investment, and focus on tripling non-fossil-fuel capacity by 2030 despite challenges.

- Africa's capacity for natural gas production, renewable energy, and green hydrogen projects, and challenges for governments to tap this potential.

- Sultan Al-Jaber warns oil and gas industry of "phase down" of fossil fuels, initiates greenhouse gas emission cutting, net zero by 2050, and "near zero" methane by 2030.

- China maintains energy supply despite the Australian coal ban, diversifies imports, and ensures energy security while reducing coal consumption.

- Suggestion of a trade network to circumvent sanctions, economic links to mitigate sanction costs, and strategic alliances to protect China from sanctions.

- The acronym NRC (No Relevant Content) is used when content lacks relevance to a specified query.

- An article discussing Indonesia's Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) plans is relevant, highlighting challenges, opportunities, and potential impacts on sustainability and economic interests in energy.

- The article analyzes China's shift to renewable energy, suggesting greenhouse gas emissions could decline next year due to renewable growth and economic factors.

- Nuclear power is considered sustainable and essential for climate change mitigation, and relevant technological innovations support economic interests in energy.

- The Economist Group has strategies to reduce emissions and relies on renewable energy for its global electricity consumption, also investing in climate technologies and projects.

- Sustainability-linked loans with interest rates tied to ESG targets are discussed, highlighting their popularity, public relations benefits, and concerns about ESG metrics' reliability.

- Certain content does not address "fossil fuel industry interests," and NRC applies.

- Content on Indonesia's CCS ambitions, CCS tech costs, and discussions on carbon burial in Indonesia relate to fossil fuel industry interests.

- Sultan al-Jaber's leadership in COP28 and the role of fossil fuels in the transition process are relevant to fossil fuel industry interests.

- Fossil fuel industry lobbyists at COP 27, including chief executives from BP and Shell, and discussions on gas as a bridge fuel are related to fossil fuel industry interests.

- The sale of BP's stakes in Alaskan oilfields demonstrates shifts and struggles in the fossil fuel industry due to economic factors and transition to cleaner energy.

- Bernie Sanders’ campaign manager's statement on Sanders' stance against powerful special interests, including the fossil fuel industry, is relevant.

- China's rapid solar capacity installation suggests strong renewable energy growth, potentially influencing public perception.

- The article describes challenges in the renewable-energy industry that affect public perception, including investment needs, slow approvals, and protectionism.

- Public perception of renewables in Texas is discussed, with a focus on economic opportunities and job growth, despite political divisions on climate change.

- The influence of energy companies on renewable policy is discussed in the context of investment, regulation, and the shift to clean energy.

- The influence of energy companies in Indonesia is illustrated by the financing of current coal plants and the logical involvement in Indonesia's energy transition.

- The push for transitioning to clean energy, different strategies like CCS versus renewables and efficiency, and criticisms of the fossil fuel industry's influence on policy are explored.

- Europe and Asia's response to the global energy crisis, including coal mine reopenings and renewable energy investments, shed light on energy companies' influence on policy.

- The impact of renewable energy on European utilities is detailed, with challenges to profitability and changes to business models as renewable capacity grows causing market shifts.

- The article discusses sustainability targets and challenges for the renewable energy industry, the circular economy, recycling practices, and the need for recycling systems for renewable facilities.- Discusses how autocracies have strengthened their economic presence and the changing balance of power between democracies and autocracies.

- Explores regionalization of global supply chains and the implications for global economic integration.

- Highlights the issues with reduced global integration, potential trade bloc formations, and self-reliance.

- Pandemic's impact on supply chains suggests diversification and reduced reliance on single-country production.

- The IMF recommends lower trade barriers and infrastructure investment over boosting domestic production.

- Geopolitical tensions are recognized as obstacles to deeper economic integration.

- The article omits discussion on international support or pledges for climate initiatives (NRC).

- Asian leaders urged governments to support vulnerable nations in addressing climate change effects.

- Trump's proposed budget eliminates funding for the Global Climate Change Initiative and impacts global climate funding.

- China could fill the gap in climate funding, offering $3.1bn in climate cash.

- Discusses the potential impacts on global climate change efforts due to budget cuts.

- Trump's administration disrupted talks on climate change aid for developing countries.

- Global financial activities have shifted towards Asia, with Singapore and Hong Kong as top financial hubs.

- Increasing demand for financial services in Asia, with a focus on wealth management in Singapore.

- Western allies perceive the war in Ukraine as a fight between democracies and autocracies, while the Global South calls for peace.

- World Values Survey indicates widening regional value differences, affecting politics and geopolitics.

- No relevant content on Middle Eastern countries' influence on global climate policies (NRC).

- Divergent global values over economic growth and security create conflicts and shifts in support for democracy and authoritarianism.

- Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Russia's complex political dynamics involve their alliances and conflicts involving Iran's nuclear program and economic sanctions.

- Investments in Southeast Asia's EV sector by Chinese companies and US investments in Vietnam highlight US-China competition.

- Nio plans to build battery swapping stations and public chargers, with a US$2.2 billion investment from Abu Dhabi.

- Automakers lobby for policy support amidst EV industry investment and infrastructure challenges.

- Soaring demand for cobalt in EV technology and industry investment of $100bn in EVs, with Tesla reducing cobalt usage.

- Surge in prices for "green" metals and concerns about the mining locations necessary for EV battery materials.

- China is reassessing its global role, with increased assertiveness in climate change policy and the potential for a "China solution."

- China spends $140 billion on renewable energy subsidies, with potential future impact on climate action.

- China is strategic in its climate leadership portrayal and pressure is mounting for greener goals in initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative.

- No relevant content on specific aspects of the Belt and Road Initiative's climate considerations was found (NRC).

- The Belt and Road Initiative involves significant infrastructure investments across Eurasia and Africa, influencing a possible Chinese-led world order.- Content regarding energy alliances and conflicts labeled as NRC (No Relevant Content), as it mainly relates to corporate purchases of clean energy and challenges in sourcing it.

- Over 150 corporations target purchasing power from renewable sources.

- Renewable Energy Buyers Alliance (REBA) transformed into a lobby group for the corporate purchase of green electricity.

- Virtual power purchase agreements (VPPAs) pose challenges, with potential for wholesale prices to drop below fixed rates due to excess cheap renewables.

- Article discusses implications for utilities and remaining customers when corporations switch to alternative clean power sources.

- UN High Seas Treaty aims to protect the world's oceans, addressing two-thirds of waters outside national jurisdictions for conservation and biodiversity.

- The treaty has support from various countries, including the EU and US, and tackles governance challenges like deep-sea mining and its environmental consequences.

- Article mentions the societal impact of global warming on ocean-dependent communities in developing nations.

- Development of "blue bonds" and financial support for marine conservation, exemplified by Gabon, was discussed.

- Article outlines the BBNJ Agreement's role in environmental protection of international waters and sustainable use of marine biodiversity, supporting Sustainable Development Goal 14.

- Singapore pledges to ratify BBNJ Agreement promptly and urges UN member states to do the same, highlighting its significance.

- Israel-Hamas conflict ceasefire after 11 days with over 200 Palestinian and 12 Israeli deaths, impacts regional and foreign policy implications.

- Hamas' sudden attack on Israel could lead to severe military retaliation and influence regional stability, during a sensitive diplomatic period for Israel.

- Conflict reshapes Biden administration's focus from Israeli-Saudi detente and Iran's nuclear ambitions, complicating Middle East policy.

- Escalating Red Sea naval crisis with Houthi attacks on shipping has global economic implications and could prompt military escalation attempts by Western countries.

- China's approach to the Middle East focuses on non-judgmental, trade-led relations, and does not label Hamas as a terrorist organization, prioritizing economic interests.

- Israel-Hamas war's ramifications potentially include mass protests in Arab nations, with Egypt and Jordan particularly susceptible due to economic hardships.

- Sichuan government halts cryptocurrency mining, signifying major changes in mining practices and environmental impacts.

- Beijing Municipal Bureau of Economy and Information Technology investigates data center cryptocurrency mining, assessing energy consumption's threat to emission reduction goals.

- Environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining, with its 1.46 terawatt-hours annual electricity consumption, compared to 135,000 average American homes.

- US focus on defense in Red Sea amid Houthi attacks on ships; sanctions imposed on facilitators of Iranian aid to Houthis.

- Red Sea shipping disruptions cause major shipping lines to pause transits, reflecting geopolitical risks.

- Article discusses Sudan conflict, control of Port Sudan oil terminal, RSF and SAF roles, and consequences for regional geopolitics.

- Chinese naval presence in Bab-el-Mandeb strait and PLA's role in safeguarding maritime trade, including overseas interests, highlight Red Sea significance.

- Houthi attacks on Red Sea shipping threaten global trade, supply chains, and energy prices; international task force response and potential diplomatic efforts discussed.

- Ethiopia's aspiration to secure a port on the Red Sea causing regional tensions, impacting busy maritime trade route.- BRI progress has slowed and Chinese foreign lending has decreased since 2016.

- Criticism for BRI includes reckless lending to poor countries without proper risk assessments.

- Shift in BRI focus towards "small but beautiful" investments.

- Countries are more cautious of alignment with China due to global rivalry with the United States.

- The EU has tightened foreign investment rules around critical infrastructure.

- Italy might withdraw from BRI, the only G7 country that had joined.

- BRI aims to improve connectivity and cooperation, involves large-scale infrastructure investments across continents.

- BRI includes the development of pipelines, roads, high-speed rail, fiber-optic cables, industrial zones, port cities, and digital Silk Road with 5G and cloud computing.

- BRI's port cities span the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean.

- It includes Arctic shipping routes and a space information corridor for satellite and space-launch capabilities.

- BRI is seen both as a geopolitical bloc prototype and as a branding exercise for China's international rise, with economic, diplomatic, and strategic facets.

- CalPERS, with $294 billion in assets, aims to pressure ExxonMobil and Chevron at their AGMs on May 25th.

- Norway’s Norges Bank, New York City Pension Fund, and other investors will join CalPERS to discuss climate-change policy risks.

- Growing trend of institutional investors pressing oil companies on climate-change policies.

- The text doesn't detail state pension funds' direct investments in green energy projects.

- Financial sector, including hedge funds and asset managers, is increasingly interested in climate change and green energy due to extreme weather and regulations.

- Financial sector's control over carbon emissions is limited; less than 25% of emissions are from stock-market influenced companies.

- Stock markets can directly influence scope-one and scope-three emissions.

- Major financial firms like BlackRock, Vanguard, State Street Capital control significant emissions through investments.

- Institutional investors push for emission-reduction targets via Climate Action 100+.

- Challenges include green investment strategies and the impact of stress tests for climate-related risks.

- Renewable energy sources are transforming the European electricity market and utilities.

- The growth of solar and wind power affects established utilities and wholesale electricity prices.

- Decline in conventional power generation's profitability and implications for Europe’s electricity system are highlighted.

- China's Middle East policy is aimed at multi-alignment among regional countries, but the text doesn't specify impact on energy geopolitics.

- The "transactional 25" economies vary widely, represent 45% of the world’s population, and account for 18% of global GDP in 2023.

- The geopolitical landscape shaped by non-alignment could influence global power dynamics but not specifically addressed for energy geopolitics.

- Brazil's president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, has international ambitions and holds meetings with world leaders including Biden and Xi.

- Brazil's trade, investments, and diplomatic relationships with the US and China, and Lula's climate change efforts may impact energy geopolitics.

- No content addressing the advocacy for transitional fuels and its potential reshaping of geopolitics was provided in the article.- The article discusses the vulnerability of maritime trade routes, highlighting the Suez Canal's crucial role in global trade and the economic implications of its blockage by the "Ever Given" ship.

- Choke points like the Bab al-Mandeb Strait are emphasized as critical to petroleum transportation by sea, relevant to maritime trade vulnerability in the Red Sea.

- The growth of renewable energy is covered, with countries pledging at the Cop28 to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030.

- Solar and wind power met 80% of incremental power demand, with solar expected to grow by 25% annually until 2030.

- The article's content is relevant to global energy predictions post-COP 28 but also returns the acronym NRC for non-related content.

- COP 28 climate summit controversies due to UAE's fossil fuel reliance include regional climate vulnerability and adaptation concerns.

- Summit topics of interest involve methane emissions, climate finance shortfalls, and the debate over fossil fuels and abatement technologies.

- UAE's climate innovation efforts include decarbonization investments, a major CCS project, and renewable energy development.

- The article is comprehensive on challenges and initiatives related to global energy predictions post-COP 28, but also states NRC for unrelated content.

- Saudi Arabia's carbon emission reduction plans, including tree-planting and renewable energy targets, align with climate adaptation strategies.

- The potential consequences of Thwaites Glacier collapse, increased rainfall and storms in Antarctica, and the importance of ice sheet monitoring for adaptation strategies are outlined.

- Singapore’s measures against sea-level rise include island reclamation, barrages, polders, raising infrastructure, sea walls, and nature-based solutions, with the Pulau Tekong polder project and Terminal 5 at Changi Airport as examples.

- Article mentions CO2 emissions' impact on global warming, climate sensitivity uncertainties, and the importance of assessing extreme event impacts for climate adaptation strategies.

- Bangladesh's layered adaptation plan, global urgency for climate resilience, adaptation costs and limitations, as well as examples in France and Bangladesh are featured.

- Multiple policies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions are discussed, including the Montreal Protocol, energy efficiency, renewables subsidies, and the potential impact of HFC regulations.

- The evolution and impact of carbon credits trading, consultation for a UN-led trading scheme, voluntary carbon market significance, and concerns over credit quality are covered.

- The Asia Carbon Institute launched a non-profit carbon credits registry to facilitate trading; Cornerstone Technologies' electric vehicle charging infrastructure carbon credit initiative is mentioned.

- Global carbon pricing trends, country-specific schemes, emissions trading, carbon-offset markets, and the EU's CBAM introduction are detailed.

- COP28 focused on fossil fuel phase-out and skepticism on oil company involvement; geopolitical concerns impact energy supplies, with a boost in LNG demand due to events like the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

- Temasek's geopolitical and sustainability strategies include risk assessments and decarbonization goals, facing impacts of the Russia-Ukraine war.

- Businesses call for ambitious clean energy policies, COP28's unclear outcomes, private sector's summit role, geopolitical tensions' renewable goals effect highlight the geopolitical impact of energy transitions.

- The need for technological innovation, political agreements, renewable energy development to tackle climate change, with investment shifts and policy hurdles for net zero by 2050 are acknowledged.

- ICT industry contributions to carbon neutrality are discussed, noting Huawei's efforts in renewable energy generation and CO2 emissions reduction.- Recent trends in renewable energy include increased consumption, electric vehicle rise, and wind and solar growth.

- The article lacks specifics on China's renewable energy sector advancements and investments; NRC applies for this query.

- China to open energy sector to foreign investment; prioritizes renewables while still using fossil fuels "efficiently."

- During the 14th five-year plan (2021-25), China to lift investment restrictions on energy, except nuclear.

- China plans to phase out clean energy subsidies, relying on market dynamics due to cost reductions.

- China's pledge: fossil fuel transition over four decades, carbon neutrality by 2060, reduced coal dependency.

- President Xi Jinping's targets: over 1,200 gigawatts of wind and solar by 2030, 25% of energy from non-fossil sources.

- 12% of Chinese funds invested in Australia in 2022 went into renewable energy ("Demystifying Chinese Investment in Australia").

- No relevant content (NRC) for China's renewable energy sector advancements and investments in the article.

- NRC for energy trade patterns changes and new trade routes; article unrelated to the query.

- G7 plans to tighten sanctions on Russia, target energy exports and sanction evasion.

- Article suggests Norway diversify economy from petroleum, proposes Pension Fund as a Green Investment Bank.

- Equinor's transition to renewables emphasized; needs restoration as state-owned, focused on Norway's economic future.

- Article reports multifaceted political risks in Latin American renewable energy projects; mentions Suriname, Guyana, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, and Colombia.

- Discusses Chinese companies' involvement, like Goldwind, in US renewable projects and human rights concerns in Xinjiang.

- Article relevant to political situation; Beijing imposes renewable quotas to support wind and solar firms.

- Article on Costa Rica’s politics: discuss the worsening economy with a backdrop of a renewable energy-based power grid.

- Middle East's potential "green-blue deal" discusses environmental cooperation and solar&water desalination benefits.

- Egypt aims for 20% electricity from renewables by 2020 but only reaches 12% (including hydro) with solar under 3%.

- The article underscores the global shift to renewables, policy needs, investment challenges, and IEA's peak fossil fuel by 2030 scenario.

- Upcoming COP28 summit in Dubai expected to discuss tripling renewable energy output but without fossil fuel phase-out plans.

- The article details the transition from fossil fuels to a greener economy, renewable energy policy, and financing struggles.

- More robust policies needed to support clean energy transition, the potential role of private sector in COP28 discussed.

- The article emphasizes the decrease in solar and wind costs and investment need in renewables for the energy transition.

- Global energy crisis influences increased renewable investments, possibly accelerating the green transition by 5-10 years.

- Wind and solar's current 5.5% electricity generation is debated for feasibility to reach 100% renewable energy.

- Scenario planning discussed in "Shell method"; considers gradual shift to renewables and Islamic fundamentalism's impact.

- Solar and wind power face sustainability challenges, need circular economy integration, and specific recovery targets.

- No relevant information found regarding sustainability and economic interests in energy.- Global demand for minerals expected to surge in coming decades.

- Increased mineral demand could raise prices for green-transition fixtures, potentially making transitions more expensive.

- Southeast Asia faces significant financial losses from tourism, services, and manufacturing if carbon emissions are not addressed.

- Russia provided over 40% of Europe's gas and about 25% of its oil before Ukraine invasion.

- Invasion led to a search for alternative fossil fuel sources and accelerated the shift to clean technologies.

- Investments in nuclear power and challenges with rewiring the grid for net zero are explored.

- Surge in green jobs noted in locations like Texas and the North Sea.

- International Energy Agency reports governments doubling down on clean energy after fossil-fuel price spikes.

- Concerns over energy security highlight the need for diverse supplies of critical minerals.

- IEA's Executive Director, Fatih Birol, underscores the economic and security drive for clean energy and cautions against a divide between advanced and developing economies.

- Geopolitical risks surrounding Russia's actions in Ukraine are impacting financial markets.

- Three areas of concern: Russia-Ukraine tension, Iran's nuclear program, and China-Taiwan military drills.

- The difficulty and risks of trading successfully around geopolitics are emphasized.

- Few geopolitical events have lasting impact on stock markets; contrarian trading may be beneficial.

- Importance of informed judgments based on political and economic constraints for investing during geopolitical crises.

- Discussions on Ukraine events, the investment community's concerns, energy market impact, and post-Soviet Union geopolitical shifts.

- Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC)'s operations underline geopolitical risks in the US-China rivalry.

- America's energy independence bolstered by the shale-oil revolution, which made it the world's biggest oil producer.

- Possible renewed dependence on Saudi oil due to potential shale-oil firms' decimation.

- Implications of global oil market and international alliances for American energy independence stance.

- Iraq's energy independence highlighted in US-Iraq talks about gas purchases and encouragement of American companies' involvement in gas fields development.

- Europe's vulnerability to Russian energy coercion discussed, pressing for an energy system reliant on sun, wind, and nuclear rather than fossil fuels.

- The Cop28 UN climate change conference saw countries pledging to triple the world's renewable energy capacity by 2030.

- China prioritizes coal for energy security while also promoting renewable energy for carbon neutrality; R&D focused on clean and efficient coal use.

- Global companies setting varied carbon emission prices to integrate emission costs into business decisions, influencing renewables.

- The article underscores the need for sustainable energy mix amidst rising CO2 emissions and reliance on coal.

- China's massive investment in cleaning up its energy system despite being the largest consumer of coal and second-largest of oil.

- The renewable energy sector faces waste management challenges; the industry needs to adopt circular economy standards, focusing on solar and wind sectors' end-of-life and recycling.

- KPMG report shows 12% of Chinese investments in Australia in 2022 targeted renewables, indicating a trend.

- Singapore explores new low-carbon technologies like hydrogen and geothermal energy while monitoring nuclear energy developments.

- IRENA report shows possible net-zero emissions in 25 years via renewables and highlights economic benefits of clean energy transition.

- The article mentions global renewable energy investment, particularly wind and solar, increased by a sixth in 2014 to $270 billion.

- Battery storage cost reductions and predictions for future competitiveness of solar systems with grid electricity.

- Renewable energy, excluding large hydropower, nearly a tenth of global power with expectations to reach a fifth by 2030.

- Renewable energy consumption increases by 11%, yet fossil fuels satisfy over four-fifths of energy demand.

- Electric vehicles gain traction with strong government support, one in four new cars are plug-ins, China leads sales.

- Wind and solar energy consumption to double 2019 levels, propelled by U.S. and EU policies, though costs remain 10-15% above 2020.

- Renewable energy use rises, but renewables will still only account for around 20% of energy demand in 2024, with fossil fuels dominating at 80%.

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